Product recognition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product recognition - Research Paper Example y designed to target the needs of the young generation who cares a lot about bad breath and, use different products to seek â€Å"freshness in breath.† Colgate Max Fresh is high-in-demand in Asian markets as compare to American and European markets. But, the brand can position itself in American and European markets successfully by associating itself with the activities especially for the youth to slowly make its place in the markets. The product is catered to meet the needs of the young generation who seek freshness and use multiple oral products to keep their breath fresh and clean. The product is segmented on the basis of age and gender. Mostly, young males are more conscious about their bad breath due to their smoking habits as compare to girls. Therefore, to reach this specific consumer group, the company has targeted the young males on the basis of â€Å"freshness†. Colgate Max Fresh owns a heavy market in Asia. But, due to high smoking habits of Europeans, the brand can have its potential growth in Europe as well. In America, the brand will enjoy a little attention as the Americans seek whitening of teeth over bad breath. Colgate Max Fresh has been introduced in the market in multiple flavors. The product is designed to target the youth. To penetrate in the market and in the minds of youth, it has associated itself with the brands such as iPods and other sports activities such as Kayaking. This association has helped the brand to develop its image of a brand which is specifically designed for the youth. To target more young consumers, the brand can also sponsor programs that are catered towards the young audience. The constant appearance of Colgate Max Fresh commercial on the TV channel will draw the young audience towards the product, hence, making a psychological effect on their minds. The brand can associate itself with MTV America and Europe to target more young consumers as they listen to music more than any other age group. Colgate Max Fresh has

Human Resource Management at Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resource Management at Nokia - Case Study Example Same was the case with Nokia, it had to determine a particular line of business to choose and divest the rest. He declared the strategic intent of Nokia as "focused, grouped, telecom-oriented and value-added." One of the key reasons for the success was the remarkable team work of five main figures of the organization, under the dynamic leadership of Ollila. As the time passed and the group progressed, a number of other strategic changes also took place; such as, the injection of US capital in the organization, the global expansion, the product-specific strategies. Setting own standards (WAP), Nokia Venture Organization, fact-based management etc. Happiness comes never alone; it does bring some undesirable consequences as well, either in the long run or in the short run. Same is the case with Nokia; there are a number of facts which are influencing the current problems. Some of the problems faced by the Nokia group, along with their background facts are as follows. Currently, the growth rate for Nokia is 25-35 percent. Nokia was looking as a prospect of one hundred thousand employees round the world. This desire was deeply rooted in the history of the performance of Nokia. Nokia wanted to be the market leader at worldwide level. It was not possible by limiting its operations only in the Finland only. As a result, implementing the word global of the strategic intent, it started to expand beyond the borders of Finland. At that time, this strategy had a positive impact. It was so, on the basis of the fact that this expansion brought the presence of Nokia in new markets, thus it resulted in increase in sales and consequently, increase in the market share. This increase in market share was well reflected in the performance of Nokia in the initial years of 1990's. However, now further expansion would have proved to be costly in many regards. It would have been costly not only in monetary terms, but in terms of other aspects as well. The main cost in that regard would be the diseconomies of scale in terms of management resources. The more the company was expanding; it was loosing the central values, which were the reason of success in the past. Moreover, the unity of organizational culture was being lost. Lowering Prices Another challenge faced by the Nokia group now was the pressure of market forces to lower the prices. Initially, when the technology was new, the competitors were few, the prices for the mobile phones were high. Thus, it was possible to have high margins. But now all the mobile phone companies were being squeezed from the two sides. On one hand, the global price war is being in the process forcing the mobile phone companies to lower the prices. On the other hand, the more fierce competition is to attract the fresh talent. All the companies, especially the mobile phone companies require the talented young blood to work for their company and make strategies to respond to the dynamic environment. Thus, all the companies are offering the higher salaries and other financial incentives to attract those dynamic managers. As a result of this tug of war, the companies are on one hand pressurized to lower the prices, while on the other hand, they are bound to offer high salaries to retain thei r knowledge asset (human resource), this has become a real challenge for Nokia as well in current

Medical Treatment Using Computed Tomography (CT)

Medical Treatment Using Computed Tomography (CT) Breast Plan Part One Treatment Site / Diagnosis: Left Breast Treatment Modality: 2 Dimensional tangential Type of Patient Data: Computed tomography and virtual simulation Technique: Isocentric Prescription Isodose: 40GY in 15# Part Two Computed tomography (CT) was employed as an imaging modality for this treatment. In general, CT is the standard imaging modality employed. This is due to the ability of CT to provide a 3 Dimensional image of the tumour and the ordinary anatomy in that area, CT is particularly effective in visualising bony anatomy. It also provides the electron density data essential to enable accurate dose calculation and planning. Although CT scanning is the standard for treatment localisation, magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) are superior in defining soft tissue and tumour metastasis and so it is now advisable to employ CT-MRI fusion imaging in order to improve the accuracy of tumour localisation for treatment (Bhide and Nutting 2010). Tangential fields are normally used in the treatment of tumours of the breast. Virtual simulation (v-sim) is employed in order to generate lateral and medial tangential fields. V-sim ensures accurate field matching and acceptable coverage of the breast tissue, the chest wall and the surgical or mastectomy scar (Barrett and Dobbs et al. 2009 and Moran and Haffty 2009). Part Three The choice of beam energy is heavily dependent on patient size and separation; in general the chosen beam energy is 6 Megavoltage. For patients with a separation greater than 22cm, higher energy beams are usually used in order to improve dose homogeneity. Higher energy beams reduce the skin sparing effect of a lower energy; therefore care should be taken to ensure there is sufficient coverage of the superficial breast, mastectomy scar and clinical boarders (Barrett, Dobbs et al. 2009). The breast is traditionally treated by means of two dimensional conformal tangential beams. The beam arrangement is a lateral and medial beam. The field boarders are marked up clinically, usually by a specialist radiographer. The lateral beam is usually at mid axilla and the medial beam at sternal level. The beams are at tangents to each other avoid irradiation of the heart, lung, dose uniformity and no dose overlap to the contralateral breast (Lee and Harris 2009). Segmented beams were also selected in order to improve Planning Target Volume (PTV) coverage and allow for Multi Leaf Collimator (MLC) shielding without compromising coverage of the PTV whilst shielding out undesired hot spots that naturally occur in the inframammary fold of the breast tissue (Nakamura, Hatanaka et al. 2011). According to a study by Purdy 2004 ICRU 50 guidelines states that the isodose distribution within the PTV must be between 95% 107% .In order to achieve optimum dose distribution wedged beams are employed, wedges are tissue compensators that account for missing tissue in order to improve the homogeneity of the dose distribution (Barrett, Dobbs et al. 2009). This is particularly important in breast treatments due to the contour of the breast. The anterior surface of the breast is less dense than the tissue toward the chest wall, hotspots tend to occur around the areola for this reason wedges in this plan are 60 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° and orientated with the thick end anterior in order to distribute the dose away from the nipple and conform more homogenously to the chest wall. There are also wedges on the segments in order to improve dose homogeneity in the superior/ inferior direction and to ensure acceptable PTV coverage (Haffty, Buchholz et al. 2008). Part 4 There is acceptable coverage of the CTV, in breast treatment, the aim is to treat all the breast tissue to the deep fascia the 95% isodose should conform to the chest wall but not include the pectoralis major (Barrett, Dobbs et al. 2009). The breast tissue is covered by the 95% isodose line and it adheres well to the muscles of the chest wall. There are no hot spots present within the plan due to the optimal use of tissue compensators as mentioned above. According to a study by Purdy in 2004, ICRU guidelines isodse distribution must be kept between 95% 107%, MLC shielding on the segments were employed in order to shield any hotspots present within the CTV without compromising target coverage or causing the plan to become too cold. Part 5 The critical organs that were contoured were the left lung. Although there is no dose volume histogram associated with breast treatments, there should be no more than 2cm of lung volume included in the treatment field in order to prevent late toxicities such as lung fibrosis and pneumonitis. It is also advisable to contour the heart on left sided breast treatments. Part 6 This plan is clinically acceptable, however as the treatment is being delivered to the left side, the heart should be taken into consideration. Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) is becoming more common for left sided breast treatments. DIBH involves treating the patient on inspiration and breath hold through coaching either auditory or visually or both. During inspiration the breast tissue is lifted off the chest wall and thus results in less cardiac tissue and lung being irradiated (Vikstrà ¶m, Hjelstuen et al. 2011). Not all patients are suitable for DIBH if they cannot remain in breath hold for the length of time it takes to deliver the beam. However it is still important to remove the heart from the high dose area, this is achievable by the use of cardiac shielding created by MLCS. Although this has shown a reduction in the dose received by the heart, it also risks underdoing of the target (Bartlett, Yarnold et al. 2013). References Barrett, A., J. Dobbs, et al. (2009). Practical Radiotherapy Planning Fourth Edition, CRC Press. Bartlett, F. R., J. R. Yarnold, et al. (2013). Multileaf Collimation Cardiac Shielding in Breast Radiotherapy: Cardiac Doses are Reduced, But at What Cost? Clinical Oncology 25(12): 690-696. Bhide, S. and C. Nutting (2010). Recent advances in radiotherapy. BMC medicine 8(1): 25. Haffty, B. G., T. A. Buchholz, et al. (2008). Should intensity-modulated radiation therapy be the standard of care in the conservatively managed breast cancer patient? Journal of Clinical Oncology 26(13): 2072-2074. Lee, L. J. and J. R. Harris (2009). Innovations in radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer. The Breast 18: S103-S111. Moran, M. S. and B. G. Haffty (2009). Radiation Techniques and Toxicities for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 19(4): 244-255. Nakamura, N., S. Hatanaka, et al. (2011). Quantification of cold spots caused by geometrical uncertainty in field-in-field techniques for whole breast radiotherapy. Japanese journal of clinical oncology 41(9): 1127-1131. Purdy, J. A. (2004). Current ICRU definitions of volumes: limitations and future directions. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Elsevier. Vikstrà ¶m, J., M. H. Hjelstuen, et al. (2011). Cardiac and pulmonary dose reduction for tangentially irradiated breast cancer, utilizing deep inspiration breath-hold with audio-visual guidance, without compromising target coverage. Acta Oncologica 50(1): 42-50.

A Wall In-Between Essay -- Literary Analysis

On August 13, 1961, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent its citizen from leaving the country (Frederick Taylor, US News.com). For twenty-eight years, the Berlin Wall completely detached West Berlin, isolating its population from the remaining human race. Margaret Atwood represents this real experience in the novel The Handmaid’s Tale. Instead of dividing a large population, Atwood conveys the Harvard University perimeter wall as a divider between oneself and the people around them. Through this, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaids Tale demonstrates how the author uses physiological object of the wall to reveal the barriers between the characters, physically and emotionally. Atwood’s description of the Harvard Wall presents a setting that is intimidating, daunting, and rigidly regulated. We can identify with the fearsome image Atwood describes because we can all picture a common jail cell. The cold brick walls â€Å"and barbed wire along the bottom†¦ they are ugly† (31). The walls themselves create and image of fear within the human mind however, it is what is in or on these walls that frightens the mind the most. In prisons we commonly think of the punishment is a hidden form of isolation, humiliation and/or torture, for the misbehaved. The Harvard wall publicly displays these methods of punishment through the form of lynching. This is a method used by Atwood to convey the significance of the wall and the use of fear produced by the Gilead society to create a barrier. â€Å"But on one bag there's blood, which has seeped through the white cloth. . . This smile of blood is what fixes the attention finally† (32). As Atwood clear ly states, the men who are hanging on the wall are meant to frighten peop... ...hysical object of the wall and the clothing connect to the emotional separation of the multiple characters by the fear and barriers set by the Gilead government. The fear and barriers come from the Harvard wall an image depicted by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale. The Novel additionally utilizes the image of the wall to show the physical and emotional boundaries it creates within its characters. Borders are created throughout the novel, through clothing, through fear and through people. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print. Collins English Dictionary. London: Collins, 2009. Print. Taylor, Frederick. "The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 13 Nov. 2008. Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

Cardiovascular Review Sheet Essay

The following questions refer to Activity 1: Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Radius on Fluid Flow. 1. At which radius was the fluid flow rate the highest? 6.0 mm 2. What was the flow rate at this radius? 1017.2 mmHg 3. Describe the relationship between flow rate and radius size. The relationship between the flow rate and the radius size is direct with the formula flow rate=radius to the fourth power. 4. What happens to blood vessels in the body if increased blood flow is needed? The blood vessels dilate to increase the flow to where the blood is needed in the body.  The following questions refer to Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Viscosity on Fluid Flow. 5. At what viscosity level was the fluid flow rate the highest? 1.0 6. Describe the relationship between flow rate and viscosity. The relationship is inversed; meaning a fluid that has a high viscosity has a slow flow because it resists the flow. Fluid that has a low viscosity will flow faster because it is less resistance to the flow. 7. Was the effect of viscosity greater or less than the effect of radius on fluid flow? Why? Less, the radius of blood vessels effect flow more because the large blood vessels allow more blood to flow through regardless of viscosity. 8. What effect would anemia have on blood flow? Why? The effect would cause a decrease in blood flow because anemia causes the blood vessels to constrict. The following questions refer to Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Length on Fluid Flow. 9. At what flow tube length was the flow rate the highest? 10mm 10. Describe the relationship between flow tube length and fluid flow rate. The relationship between flow tube length and fluid flow rate is when the tube length is shorter the faster the flow. 11. What effect do you think obesity would have on blood flow? Why? When blood vessels lengthen, they cause a flow of blood to decrease, because there is only roughly 7 miles of blood vessel for every 1 pound of fat. When someone gains weight, the body has to produce more blood vessels which lead to decreased blood flow and high blood pressure. The following questions refer to Activity 4: Studying the Effect of Pressure on Fluid Flow. 12. What effect did increased pressure have on the fluid flow rate? The effect that increases pressure have on the fluid flow rate is that the greater the pressure the faster the flow. 13. In the body, where does the driving pressure for fluid flow come from? The driving pressure for fluid flow comes from the heart. Pump Mechanics The following questions refer to Activity 5: Studying the Effect of Radius on Pump Activity. 14. What happened to the flow rate as the right vessel radius was increased? When the right vessel radius was increased the flow rate increases. 15. What happened to the rate (strokes/min) as the right vessel radius was increased? Why did this occur? Stroke rate increased as the right vessel radius increased because the beaker emptying time decreased. The following questions refer to Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity. 16. At what stroke volume tested was the pump rate the lowest? 120 17. Describe the relationship between stroke volume and pump rate. The relationship between stroke volume and pump rate is that as stroke volume increases, the pump rate decreases. This happens because this is an inverse relationship. 18. Use the relationship in question 17 to explain why an athlete’s resting heart rate would be lower than that of a sedentary individual. An athlete has a higher stroke volume than a sedentary individual, meaning the athlete needs fewer heart beats to achieve the same cardiac output. The following questions refer to Activity 7: Studying Combined Effects. 19. How did decreasing the left flow tube radius affect pump chamber filling time? Hint: Look at the change in flow rate and relate this to filling time. When decreasing the left flow tube radius to affect the pump chamber filling time is by decreasing the left flow tube caused by an increase in the pump chamber filling time. 20. When the left beaker pressure was decreased to 10 mm Hg, what happened to the filling time? After the left beaker pressure was decreased to 10mm Hg, the filling time increased in response to decreased pressure in the left beaker. The following questions refer to Activity 8: Studying Compensation. 21. With the right flow tube radius decreased to 2.5 mm, what conditions did you change to bring the flow rate back to normal? The conditions that I changed to bring the flow rate back to normal were the increase left flow tube radius, increase pump pressure, increase left baker pressure and decrease right beaker pressure. 22. A decreased tube radius is analogous to atherosclerosis (plaque formation in vessels). Describe the effect this would have on resistance in the arterial system and how the human heart might compensate for this change. Atherosclerosis causes an increased atrial resistance which causes the heart to compensate by increasing pumping pressure.

Macroeconomics, Airline Industry Essay

Economical can be one of the major factors for the airline industry. Due to the rate of war and terrorist event, the growth rate of economy dramatic slowdown, capacity demand, which gains the low yield to the airline industry. Moreover, oil prices increase also affect their profits. The social sector, which are strongly from employment perspective and safety. The technology in airline industry is fast moving, however it’s very costly. Alliance gives the opportunity to the major airline to offer customer global route coverage. Ecological factor consists of recycling, the level of pollution and attitudes to the environment. For the airline industry, pollution tends to be very important. Legislation fior the airline consist of employment laws, company law, tax law and their regulation. Redundancy, landing right, health and safety, which are all the airlines, should be considered as a legal factor. Airline industry recovered and it become more attractive for investor. Economical and political factor has always been and continues to be the two major external environmental drivers influencing the airline industry. Read more:Â  Essay on Airline Industry A low cost carrier (also known as a no-frills or discount carrier) is an airline that offers generally low fares in exchange for eliminating many traditional passenger services. The model represented by the (LCC) or low cost carrier is not an innovation, some of the LCC are linked to major and traditional airlines companies, but its evolution has quickly become the dominant management model and through the development of the Internet has experienced the most growth. Though many airlines offer fares at a reduced rate on one or more of their routes at particular times, the simple act of offering cheap fares does not necessarily make them a LCC. Low cost carrier with the specific aim of operating with a lower cost structure than traditional operators in order to create lower fares. Greater efficiency and cost savings have been achieved in a variety of ways, most notably through increased aircraft and crew utilization aided by the use of aircraft operated in a single class with more seats than would be possible with business class. LCC tend to operate a single type of aircraft, a strategy that produces economies of scope in aircraft maintenance and flexibility in the use of crew. Savings is achieved by selling tickets directly to customers (often through Internet and call centre ticket sales) and therefore by-passing travel agents distribution channels, re-engineered business processes and negotiation to gain reductions in airport charges. Tourists such as business passengers with a need for frequent scheduling, inter-flight flexibility with differentiation being offered through personal space and comfort on-board, in flight entertainment and free food and alcoholic drinks, frequent flier programmes, free airport lounges and use of major city airports (typically with higher landing charges). All these features raise seat costs.

Essay on College

Essay on College Essay on College - What Is the Problem College – What is the problem? The problem is the high cost of a college education. Tuition at both state and private colleges and universities continues to rise every academic year. This is a problem because we don’t live in a society where parents save money for their children’s education. For kids to pay their own way in college, many of them end up taking out substantial student loans. These student loans then follow the student well after they graduate and it can become a burden for them to pay back the loans. Graduates then try and begin their professional careers carrying a ton of debt. Another problem that graduates may face is that they aren’t able to find a good paying job right out of college. By not finding a high paying job, having the student debt can be very stressful. A graduate may have a difficult time paying living expenses in addition to paying student loan debt. The important cause of graduates having substantial debt is that they get offered student loans that exceed the cost of tuition and they accept the entire loan. In addition to being offered excessive student loans, students tend to get bombarded with credit card offers from banks. Temptation can be far too great for students to resist and they gravitate toward accepting one or more credit card offers. To help cover the cost of tuition, schools should provide more work-study programs for students to participate in. This would take off some of the burden of tuition and book costs. Also, credit card companies need to stop preying on students with their offers. As for student loans, the Department of Education should stop offering excessive loan amounts to students. These entities make it seem like their helping the student pay for tuition, but really aren’t

ICT in Education

ICT in Education Introduction Information and Communication Technology is among the most indispensable tools that the business world relies on today. Virtually all businesses, in one way or another, rely on technology tools to carry out operations. Other organizations like learning institutions are not left behind technology-wise. ICT is increasingly being employed in contemporary learning institutions to ease the work of students and teachers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ICT in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the most commendable successes of employing ICT in learning institutions is e-learning in which the ICT tools are used in accessing classrooms remotely. This paper explores the importance of the tools of the tools of ICT in education and the roles that these tools have played in making learning better and easier. Teachers and their role in education Teachers are the scholars who have mastered specific subje cts that form part of their specialty and help in imparting knowledge on students. Some of the roles that teachers play in academic institutions include designing of syllabuses, preparing of timetables, preparing for lessons and convening students for lessons, and carrying out continuous assessments on students. Others include keeping of records of academic reports, disciplinary records and other records related to the activities of students in school like the participation of students in games and other activities. E-Learning In cases where there are limitations such that it is impossible to convene people and resources together for learning. E-learning provides a very important and convenient way of teaching people. In such a case, a teacher provides learning materials and lessons online which can be accessed by his/her students at their convenient. The materials can be audio files of recorded classroom lessons, audio-visual files for lessons requiring visual information like prac tical or even text documents and hypertext documents (Tinio 1). This method of teaching is also convenient for teachers because they are able to record lessons at their convenience and assessment of students involves less documentation. This is because with the use of the internet, teachers are able to upload assignments and continuous assessments on the e-learning systems and after students are done with the assignments, they use the system or emails to send their completed assignments to their teachers. This comes with a number of advantages which are brought about by having student’s completed assignments in soft copies.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of these advantages is that feedback from teachers will be timely and it will be convenient for the teachers. Teachers can also use technology tools such as plagiarism software to check if students have copied th e works of other scholars and thus establish the authenticity of the assignment. It can thus be argued that although e-learning systems have their disadvantages, they are very instrumental in teaching people whose schedules are tight and who may have limitations as far as accessing the classroom is concerned. Therefore technology has been an influential and essential tool in the career of education and several innovations have been made that have made teaching a much easier career. The paragraph below discusses other ways in which technology has been employed in the education career. Other uses of ICT in education Teachers can also use the tools of ICT in other functions. One such function is the keeping of the records of student performances and other kind of records within the academic institution. This can be done by uploading the information in a Management Information System for the school or college which should have a database for supporting the same. The information can also be stored in soft form in Compact Disks, Hard Drives, Flash Disks or even Digital Video Disks (Obringer 1). This ensures that information is properly stored and backed up and also ensures that records are not as bulky as they would have been in the absence of the tools of ICT. Such a system also ensures that information can easily be accessed and also ensures that proper privacy of the data is maintained. Another way in which teachers can use the tools of ICT to ease their work is by employing tools like projectors for presentations of lessons, iPads for students, computers connected to the internet for communicating to students about continuous assessments and the like (Higgins 1). This way, the teacher will be able to reduce the paperwork that he /she uses in his/her work and this is bound to make his/her work easier. For instance, if the teacher can access a projector, he/she can prepare a presentation of a lesson to for his/her students and this way, he will not have to carry t extbooks, notebooks and the like to the classroom for the lesson. The teacher can also post notes and relevant texts for a given course on the information system for the school or on an interactive website and thus he/she will have more time for discussions during lessons. Teachers can also, I consultation with IT specialists, develop real time systems where students can answer questions related woo what they have learnt in class and get automated results through the system (Masie 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ICT in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will help the students in understanding the concepts taught in class better and, this way, teachers will have less workload. Such websites will also help teachers to show the students how questions related to their specialty are framed early enough so that students can concentrate on knowledge acquisition during class hours. This is as opposed to a c ase where the students remain clueless of the kind of questions they expect in exams and spend most of their time preparing for exams rather than reading extensively to acquire knowledge. ICT can also be sued by teachers to advertise the kind of services they offer in schools and also advertise the books and journals they have written. This can be achieved by the use of websites for the school or for the specific teachers or professors. Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, ICT is a very instrumental tool in education as a career. The specific tools of ICT used in education in as discussed above include the use of ICT in distant-learning, storage of student performance and other relevant information in databases and storage media, use of tools of ICT in classroom like projectors, iPads and the like. Since the invention of the internet and subsequent popularity of computers, a lot of functions of education as a career have been made simpler. These include administration of continuous assessments, marking of continuous assessments, giving feedback to students and even checking the originality of the ideas expressed in the assignments and examinations. All in all, the impact that ICT has had in educational institutions is so much that school life without ICT is somehow impossible for people who are accustomed to using ICT. Higgins, Steve. â€Å"Does ICT improve learning and teaching in schools†. 2007. Web. Masie, Shank. â€Å"What is electronic learning?† 2007. Web. Obringer, Ann. â€Å"How E-Learning Works†. 2008. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tinio, Victoria. â€Å"ICT in Education†. 2008. Web.

Defining Power in Physics

Defining Power in Physics Power is the rate at which work is done or energy  is transferred in a unit of time. Power is increased if work is done faster or energy is transferred in less time. Calculating Power The equation for power is P W/t P stands for power (in watts)W stands for the amount of work done (in Joules) or energy expended (in Joules)t stands for the amount of time (in seconds) In calculus terms, power is  the derivative of work  with respect to time. If work is done faster, power is higher. If work is done slower, power is smaller. Since work is force times displacement (WF*d), and velocity is displacement over time (vd/t), power equals force times velocity: P F*v. More power is seen when the system is both strong in force and fast in velocity. Units of Power Power is measured in energy (joules) divided by time. The SI unit of power is the watt (W) or joule per second (J/s).  Power is a scalar quantity, it has no direction. Horsepower is often used to describe the power delivered by a machine. Horsepower is a unit of power in the British system of measurement. It is the power required to lift 550 pounds by one foot in one second and is about 746 watts. The watt is often seen in relation to light bulbs. In this power rating, it is the rate at which the bulb converts electrical energy into light and heat. A bulb with a higher wattage will use more electricity per unit of time. If you know the power of a system, you can find the amount of work that will be produced, as WPt. If a bulb has a power rating of 50 watts, it will produce 50 joules per second. In an hour (3600 seconds) it will produce 180,000 joules. Work and Power When you walk a mile, your motive force is displacing your body, which is measured as the work is done. When you run the same mile, you are doing the same amount of work but in less time. The runner has a higher power rating than the walker, putting out more watts. A car with 80 horsepower can produce faster acceleration than a car with 40 horsepower. In the end, both cars are going 60 miles per hour, but the 80-hp engine can reach that speed faster. In the race between the tortoise and the hare, the hare had more power and accelerated faster, but the tortoise did the same work and covered the same distance in a much longer time. The tortoise showed less power. Average Power When discussing power, people are usually referring to average power, Pavg. It is the amount of work done in a period of time (ΔW/Δt) or the amount of energy transferred in a period of time (ΔE/Δt). Instantaneous Power What is the power at a specific time? When the unit of time approaches zero, calculus is needed to derive an answer, but it is approximated by force times speed.

Imapct of Androids and Smart Phones on the Apple I Phone Market Essay

Imapct of Androids and Smart Phones on the Apple I Phone Market - Essay Example The paper will discuss both the positive and negative impacts in respect of the topic. Proper researched material from the internet will be used to complete this paper to satisfaction. This discussion stresses that for the longest time apple has been dominating the smart phone market. This is because of the quality and fair prices that they offer. Apple has a brand of phones that is very popular. The iPhone is an intelligent phone. Every phone that has been produced, in this category of iPhone has not failed to impress. The features of this phone make it no one of the smart phone category. After androids and other smart phones were introduced into the market, there has been radical change in preference when it comes to smart phones. This is because some of the android operated phones are cheaper and offer a wide range of functions. In addition, android allows for installation of more programs than the iPhone. The popular phones from iPhone include, iphone3g, 3gs and the iPhone 4, 4s. Any cell networks support all these phones. You cannot put a number to the types of android and smart phones out there. This is because Android is an operating system belonging to the Linux family and can be used on most phones. Other smart phones can use different platforms like Symbian and windows. Because of this, more smart phones can be offered in the market at a reasonable price. This has impacted the iPhone market in many different ways. ... You cannot put a number to the types of android and smart phones out there. This is because Android is an operating system belonging to the Linux family and can be used on most phones. Other smart phones can use different platforms like Symbian and windows. Because of this, more smart phones can be offered in the market at a reasonable price (Moulton 2013). This has impacted the iPhone market in many different ways. The iPhone market has gone down drastically. Some of these impacts are affecting the IPhone market positively and others are negatively. 4.2 Literature Review When it comes to smart phones, so many reviews and articles have been written about the impact that new types and android phones have brought to the smart phone market. Talks about how these phones have dislodged giants in the market are all over the market. Some will talk about the negative effects that these phones have brought to the market while others will talk about the positives that they have brought to the market. Smart phones are solely responsible for 55% of sales from all mobile phones. Out of all sales of smart phones, android takes 82%, windows 3.6% (Mcglaun 2013). Although the iPhone is trying, it cannot be compared with android. This is one of the negative impacts, which androids and other Smartphones have on the iPhone. iPhone is making a comeback with the iPhone 5c and 5cs (Mcglaun 2013). This is a positive impact that androids and Smartphones have on iPhone because the competition is bringing out the best in iPhone. 5.1 Methodology The method that has been used to research this paper is deductive reasoning. This is where several questions are formulated to give direction on how to write the paper. These questions are answered by

Do Catheter Washouts Extend Patency Time in Long-term Indwelling Essay

Do Catheter Washouts Extend Patency Time in Long-term Indwelling Urethral Catheters - Essay Example Bladder washouts do not have to be carried out all the time, however they may be essential when there is a significant amount of sedimentation in the urine; and in treating urinary tract infections. In this process, about 60 mls of water is usually introduced into the catheter gently via a syringe; the syringe is then removed and the catheter end is drained into a container. The procedure is repeated until 500 mls of water is used. This topic was chosen because of the growing interest of the impact of catheterization on long-term care patients and on practices which can be used to minimize the negative impact of catheterization. It is relevant to my future practice as a nurse because it would provide me with evidence on the importance of carrying out catheter washouts on patients under long-term care. This aspect of practice personally interests me because I have often encountered long-term care patients under catheterization and I have always been interested in finding ways to impro ve the quality of their lives. Evidence based practice Evidence-based practice is defined by Sackett, et.al., (1996) as the explicit and effective use of current and most appropriate evidence in health care decisions on individual patients. It also means incorporating individual clinical skills with the most appropriate clinical proof from research. Evidence-based practice is basically about getting the patient the best care possible, as proven by evidence, and according to his needs and preferences (Manzoukas, 2006). It also helps ensure that the knowledge of the nurses are up to date, that it supports clinical judgments, and can reduce time in considering appropriate care (Drisko, 2010). There are various forms of evidence which can be utilized including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, case series/case reports, and editorials/expert opinion (University of Illinois, 2006). Not all evidence in this case is research base, most e specially in cases of editorials and expert opinion where the weight of the evidence is based on the skill and the authority of the practitioner. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct describes the specific duties of nurses. It also specifies that nurses have the responsibility of providing a high standard of care for patients at all times, and this includes providing â€Å"care based on the best available evidence or best practice† (NMC, 2009, p. 16). These provisions form the legal and practice-based support for the evidence-based care required of nurses. Evidence can therefore be used in this case in order to establish whether or not carrying out catheter washouts would extend the patency of catheters among long-term care patients. Moreover, evidence can be used to determine if these washouts would improve the care of catheterized long-term care patients. Literature review Various studies have been carried out on the current topic under study . Hagen, Sinclair, and Cross (2010) carried out their study in order to establish if some specific washout regimens are better than others in relation to effectiveness, acceptability, and quality of life. About five trials were able to meet the inclusion criteria covering 242 patients in two cross-over and three parallel-group randomised control trials. After witling down the studies based on the inclusion criteria, authors reported that there is no difference between the different washout solutions, however these results were not sufficient to support the conclusions.

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems - Essay Example Electronic payment systems (EPS) can be classified into four main categories namely Online Electronic Cash System, Online Credit Card Payment System, Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System and Electronic Cheque System. These categories can be compared using various features. In terms of actual payment time, electronic cash and smart cards are prepaid whereas online credit card payment and electronic cheque are post paid/paid later. In Online Credit Card Payment and Electonic cash, all transactions are online but offline transactions are allowed in electronic cheque and smart cards. In Online Credit Card Payment, payments are made by the credit account, in electronic cheque, it is done by the bank acount and in smart cards, it is done by the smart card account. In electronic cash, there is no involvement of a bank account (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). As for their users, online credit card is open for all legitimate users of credit card, electronic cash is open for everybody while electronic cheque and smart cards are open for anyone with a bank account. In addition, smart card is also open for anyone with a credit card account. Online credit card can partially be used in real world, electronic cash can only be used in virtual world, smart cards can be used in used in real and virtual world and electronic cheque is limited to real world although its checking count can be shared with real world. Online credit card and smart cards are mobile whereas electronic cash and electronic cheque are not mobile. Transactions costs for online credit card are high thus it is not suitable for small payments. As for electronic cash and smart cards, their transaction costs are but low hence they are suitable for low transactions. Online credit card, electronic cash and smart cards have high levels of user anonymity but it is not found in electronic cheque (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). I mostly use electronic cash because it is open for anyone and there is no

How to Improve Employee Engagement in an Organisation+ HR startegies Term Paper

How to Improve Employee Engagement in an Organisation+ HR startegies of being able to measure Employee Engagement - Term Paper Example This study has also outlined various HR strategies implemented by Tesco management so that they can maintain their leading position in the UK based retail industry (Brajer-Marczak 259-261). From the study, I have gained an idea of Employee Engagement policies that are used by Tesco. Tesco is using the strategies centrally from the UK based headquarters to different subsections of global distribution centers. I came to know about the term â€Å"helicopter view† that is mainly the HR and Employee Engagement policy of Tesco. It is primarily a modified version of the conflict management strategies. Broad issues are collected from different branch operations. HR policies of Tesco are aiming to offer more quality in products, and on store ambiance. Tesco is facing the challenge from ASDA, Sainsbury, Morrison’s, Walmart, LIDL and ALDI. Therefore, employee retention and development policies must be well designed. In addition, I have learned that Employee Engagement policies of Tesco are collecting demands and knowledge from the employees. This type of HR policy will reduce different type of recurring training and development cost. Collective bargaining is enterta ined to ensure proper features of the workplace and remuneration policies. Employee engagement policies of the Tesco are discussed in details to ensure more quality. The term employee engagement is making the HR process more complex. Employees are engaged into the business policies and strategic directions in order to increase the commitment towards the organization. Organizations are increasing loyalty management process that will aid them to retain skilled and expert employees. On the other hand, productivity of the retail firms will gradually increase with the help of motivated set of employees. Emotional support provisions to the employees will make them feel more valued (Bridger 127-129). Concept of employee engagement is

Toys R Us Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Toys R Us Case Analysis - Essay Example So the company formed partnership with McDonalds which helped the firm to understand the business process which other companies follows for establishing its position in Japanese market. 80% of the company was owned by TRU and rest of the shares was owned by McDonalds of Japan. This partnership became very beneficial for TRU to start its business in Japan. TRU entered in Japanese market at the time of recession. The people of that country at were focusing of low priced products. For this reason the company introduced a catchy tagline for attracting customers in its stores. TRU provided discounts on its various products and maintained a good quality. The tagline of TRU in Japan focused on the low price and quality of its products. This helped the company to become popular among the Japanese people. By this even TRU was successful in establishing its position in the market of Japan. It also helped the company to create its customer base in that country. For expanding its business into Japan TRU had to set up stores in different parts of the country. The company required 3000sq ft area for establishing its retail stores. But according to the law of Japan government establishment of large retail stores were prohibited. The company TRU was able to change this law of Japan. The company opened its store of 3000sq ft in Japan in 1991. Soon the company opened its many other toy stores in different parts of this country. Therefore for establishing its business TRU changed the one of the government laws of Japan. TRU improved some of its internal factors for launching its business in Japan. The company introduced export managers in its business system for analyzing and evaluating the market of Japan. It helped the company to get a qualitative and quantitative idea about Japanese market for establishing its business. The organization teamed up with McDonalds of Japan for evaluating its new business environment. It helped the company to

Gender Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gender Discrimination - Essay Example It is understood that the human rights activist cry for equality, a collective recognition is deemed acceptable for all and not merely censored on a few and singular groups. The potential for random discrimination in relation to gender is not dismissed. The so-called moral activists in adherence to old conservative theories still utter a different lament. The social change will take its toll and be delegated to the far recesses of one's imagination unless laws that protect the identity of women and transsexuals are recognized and properly implemented particularly in the workplace environment where common complaints of gender inequality are often heard. With the passing of certain laws that govern sexual discrimination, how are this implemented in the workplace This seemingly simple question carries a multi-faceted approach that require knowledge of the laws that govern our rights. Since the advent of sex discrimination legislation, the United Kingdom and the European region in general saw significant cultural changes across the workplace. When the European Convention on Human Rights recognized individuals other than the traditional gender classification of male and female a ground breaking law was established. In the field of sexual orientation the protection of transsexual rights of gay and lesbian under Article 8 of the European Convention has been interpreted "to extend to an adult's right to participate in private, consensual homosexual activity". In Cossey v U.K.1, when the applicants challenge the government to change their birth certificates to reflect their new gender the basis of denial dwell on the substantial administrative burdens imposed on the birth certificates. This might have to do with the explanation of trying to see to it that the historical records of accuracy are maintained and discrimination is not cited. At the onset of the recognition of transsexual rights, anti-discrimination laws were reviewed immensely. The current framework of Anti-Discrimination Law is made up of three main statutes in the equal protection sense which deals with sex, race and disability issues. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975(SDA 1975)2 prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex; marital status and now includes gender re-assignment in the field of employment, education and provision of goods and services. The applicability of such laws is considered in England, Scotland and Wales. This Act is currently considered the most valuable tool to combat today's discrimination of employees in the work environment. It is undeniable that for some reasons, employers still practice such measures of exclusions despite claiming substantial media attention on the prosecuted violators. The habit of an imperialistic attitude bordering on the offensive refuses to die immediately which brought relevant complaints from women and transsexuals and will probably continue if proper dissemination of this particular law is not made available to the parties concerned. On the basis of gender discrimination a person's right to exercise his/her skills and training are impeded in the workplace. In SDA 1975, sexual classification as the weaker sex is tantamount as an insult to a person's identity as pointed out in Snook 19993. It is a woman's civil right to a career of her own choice and to earn for herself and her family like any man. With the advent of this law, we can now see a

Toys R Us Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Toys R Us Case Analysis - Essay Example So the company formed partnership with McDonalds which helped the firm to understand the business process which other companies follows for establishing its position in Japanese market. 80% of the company was owned by TRU and rest of the shares was owned by McDonalds of Japan. This partnership became very beneficial for TRU to start its business in Japan. TRU entered in Japanese market at the time of recession. The people of that country at were focusing of low priced products. For this reason the company introduced a catchy tagline for attracting customers in its stores. TRU provided discounts on its various products and maintained a good quality. The tagline of TRU in Japan focused on the low price and quality of its products. This helped the company to become popular among the Japanese people. By this even TRU was successful in establishing its position in the market of Japan. It also helped the company to create its customer base in that country. For expanding its business into Japan TRU had to set up stores in different parts of the country. The company required 3000sq ft area for establishing its retail stores. But according to the law of Japan government establishment of large retail stores were prohibited. The company TRU was able to change this law of Japan. The company opened its store of 3000sq ft in Japan in 1991. Soon the company opened its many other toy stores in different parts of this country. Therefore for establishing its business TRU changed the one of the government laws of Japan. TRU improved some of its internal factors for launching its business in Japan. The company introduced export managers in its business system for analyzing and evaluating the market of Japan. It helped the company to get a qualitative and quantitative idea about Japanese market for establishing its business. The organization teamed up with McDonalds of Japan for evaluating its new business environment. It helped the company to

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay Language, we use it everyday, but what exactly defines â€Å"language? † Are there generalizations to be made of all languages? Does everyone learn language same way? What are the rules of language? â€Å"What is Language? † by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and more by highlighting the three major theories of modern linguistics. The first modern linguistic theory claims that language is govern by grammar and that grammar is a set of rules with two functions: identifying possible sentences in a given language and dictate the pronunciation meaning of a sentence in a given language. The first function provides fluent speakers the ability to understand every conceivable sentence in their language even if they never heard it before sentences. This creative quality to produce infinitely many sentences is unique to language. The second function provides fluent speakers of different dialects to communicate with each other using the grammar rules of their shared language. The two functions of the first modern linguistic theory provides effective communication between two parties and acknowledgment of it is vital in first understanding language. In part with the first modern linguistic theory’s definition of grammar is that each person’s linguistic grammar is entirely unique to him or herself, because everyone learns grammar differently due different external factors. Everyone absorbs different linguistic speech patterns from their external environment during infancy and adds it to his or her own unique grammar customs, habits or conventions. These differences are even more prominent in patients of aphasia, a language disability that breaks up certain parts of their grammar creating difficult to understand or entirely incoherent sentences. People with aphasia create their own linguistic systems, sometimes being completely incompatible with the common linguistic systems of their receivers, causing misunderstandings. Generally, the only two instances of completely unique linguistic systems are when infants first learn language and patients with aphasia. The study of these two instances are vital in understanding the degree of uniqueness a linguistic grammar systems. The second modern linguistic theory claims that grammar is psychologically real and unconsciously known. However, the idea that grammar is unconscious knowledge is a controversial one. The opposition argues that sentence understanding is formed from using analogous sentences the listener has already heard and understood. It is not unconscious knowledge, they claim, but conscious identification of previously understood sentences. However, that does not explain the creativity of forming entirely new sentences or understanding the meaning of a never heard before sentence. For example, Noam Chomsky’s famous line, â€Å"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously† understandably sounds English and follows the grammatical rules of English, but makes no semantic sense. The opposition’s claim should be understood as â€Å"previously experienced analogous rules are used to understand language. † This would be classified under grammar rules. This explains how students first learn a language by identifying patterns through multiple experiences with the same kind of sentences. L inguists, however, research existing patterns from recognizing sentence patterns that are psychologically valid, i. e. significant generalizations and sentence patterns that arose by accident or by coincidence, i.  e. accidental generalizations. Significant generalizations are formed from existing rules, such as using â€Å"mister† for a man and â€Å"miss† for a woman. Accidental generalizations are any rules that are not the currently valid linguistic rules and are formed from chance events from using rules during early development of the language or change from outside influences. A child might make an accidental generalization of â€Å"mister† and call a woman â€Å"mister,† which would be very inappropriate and incorrect. Through intensive research, linguists are able to identify which generalizations are accidental or incorrect and create generalizations that are correct. The third modern linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky claims that people learn certain language forms instinctively. Chomsky discovered this parallel from the fact that all languages are very similar to each other. A few universalities shared by all languages discovered by linguistics are that all languages have vowels, consonants, nouns, verbs, affirmative sentences, negative sentences and interrogative sentences. A study done by Russell Tomlin in 1986, London, is that 45% of all languages share the â€Å"subject-verb-object† sentence structure and 42% share the â€Å"subject-verb-object† sentence structure. Very few languages, for whatever reason, have the verb or object first, which would indicate that the formation of language favors the subject first and that most languages are predisposed to having a subject first in a sentence. Language, whether we completely comprehend its inner workings or not, is constantly a prevailing aspect of our daily lives. We use language unconsciously, and yet because of this aspect, it is very difficult to fully classify rules of language. Thankfully, we can analyze various instances of unique grammar formation to further clarify our generalizations of languages and through these generalizations, find universalities of all languages. What is language, you ask? Language is a beautiful study of unique linguistics systems, interplaying with each other to create powerful communication.

The sociology of deviance

The sociology of deviance How important and relevant are Mertons Strain theory and Beckers labelling theory in our understanding of deviance? In this essay I will analyse the importance and relevance of a structional functionalist view of deviance seen through the lens of strain theory and a symbolic interactionalist perspective through the use of labelling theory. Strain Theory attempts to explain why crime is resolute amongst the lower classes who are subjected to the least opportunities for economic achievement (O Connor 2007). It focuses on the positions that individuals occupy in a social system, not on the characteristics of the individual. Labeling theory explains why sustained delinquent behaviour stems from destructive social interactions and encounters (Siegel Welsh 2008). These theories work in harmony as the former theory explains why deviance begins and the latter gives an explanation as to why deviance continues through the lifespan. I will be describing and evaluating these theories to further answer the question of: just how important are these two theories for the understanding deviance? The sociology of deviance is the systematic study of social norm violation that is subject to social sanction according to (Henry 2009 p.1). Deviant behaviour is behaviour that does not follow common perceptions, when people are deviant they do not conform to expectations. It is difficult to give an exact definition of deviance as many major theorists have cast a vast variety of perspectives on what it really is. Some sociologists believe that deviance is the violation of any social rule, whereas other sociologists argue that deviance does not have to be a real behaviour for it to be labelled deviant (Thio, Calhoun Conyers 2008). Downes Rock (2003) state that deviance is everywhere and not only that but it leaves traces everywhere. Theories of deviance are rarely catapulted into political settings to be accepted or rejected in their entirety; rather they trickle in from many sources. The influence of ideas is always changing due to the instability of political circumstances (Downs Rock 2003). The increase in deviance may be due to the fact that people are confused about the correct values and morals to hold. As a result of this ever evolving world there are new variations of deviant behaviour occurring on a daily basis, ranging from minor violations of the law such as not paying a television licence to major deviance like abuse scandals in regard to the Catholic Church. These acts are considered to be deviant as they are acts which the rest of society deems as unacceptable (Tierney 2006). Traditional values such as religious views have been shattered to pieces because of ongoing scandals in the Catholic Church. Individual pursuits drive people; religion has no impact on the expected standards of people in todays materialist driven society, which in turn leads to an increase in deviant behaviours. The Functionalist perspective stems from the work of Durkheim who believed that peoples social roles or functions hold society together (Flynn 2009). In contrast to this is the Symbolic interaction approach where the emphasis is on the way people construct the meaning of others acts (Becker McCall 1990). Durkheim believed that crime is not only functional but it is necessary, it only become dysfunctional if the rates are either too high or too low (Covington 1999). The functionalist analysis of deviance begins with society as a whole; it looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than in the psychological nature of the individual. Durkheim believes society is held together by shared values, and if these values are not constantly reaffirmed through the generations it may signify the collapse of society. One may put forward the argument that shared values are not a fundamental part of society today. It proves difficult to reaffirm values through generations when the family when parents are working long hours. Parental influence over children has declined; due to this children seek values from available sources such as the television or internet, resulting in the promotion of materialistic values which are in turn the norms today. If the community collapsed, and the collective conscience failed the result was a state of anomie (Covington 1999). In essence anomie represents the problems in society caused by social deregulation. Merton developed an anomie theory based on Durkheims earlier work which referred to a deinstitutionalization of norms that happens when there is a disjunction between the importance of cultural goals and institutional means (Featherstone Deflem 2003). Mertons strain theory argues that structures in society may encourage deviance and crime, it is a structural functionalist explanation. Functionalist theories offers the basis for policies that are wide-ranging in their scope (Downes Rock 2003), however Gouldner (1970) believes that Functionalism thinks of systems as mutually interacting variables rather than in terms of cause and effect, thus one may infer that it is impossible to implement policy to stop a particular effect if the cause is not highlighted. Theories of deviance are extremely important as Downes Rock (2003) believe that all theories of deviance have implications for policy making. That said however the ease of implementation of polices may prove difficult. For example doing something about anomie would be far more difficult than tackling vandalism by technical means (Downes Rock p. 317 2003) However, Mertons anomie theory is of great relevance to the realm of policy as it infers a definite cause and effect statement relating to the disjunction between goals and means (Downes Rock 2003). The main principle of Social Strain Theory is that some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in society to engage in non-conforming rather than conforming conduct (Thio, Calhoun Conyers 2008 p.33). This is not to say that certain social structures leave the individual with no other choice but to turn to crime, rather inadequate regulation leaves the individual with a different perspective on means to financial gain. I agree that this system is a great source of inequality and subsequent deviance in our society today that the less powerful groups are labelled so negatively and punished severely. Every crime should be treated in the same manner, regardless of whether they are from an underprivileged area or a high flying business person. An impact of cycle of deficient regulation may also be seen in Beckers Labelling theory. This theory was greatly influenced by the symbolic interaction approach as it is people who determine and give meaning to labels. The justice system operates on behalf of powerful groups in society; hence one has to ask the question what behaviours are criminal? The two strands of this theory are a concern to address how a particular behaviour comes to be labelled as deviant and secondly what is the impact of this label. (Becker p.9 1963) states that The deviant is one whom that label has been successfully applied: deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label. In relation to deviance Labelling theory places the importance on the reaction to behaviour not the behaviour itself (Macionis Plummer 2007). It was this belief that leads Becker to place labels on types of behaviour, but who are the people labelled as deviant in society. To put it simply, labelling theory is concerned with what happens to criminals after they have been labelled, also suggesting that actual crime rates may be heightened by criminal sanctions. Unlike the Functionalist perspective, Symbolic Interaction is concerned with the process that underline social life and consequently the mechanisms by which meanings are given to those processes. It centres on the creativity capacity of humans and their ability to share interactions with others (Walklate 2007). In relation to deviance it is concerned with how certain behaviours come to be understood as deviant. Becker argued that behaviours of less powerful groups for example the poor, or disadvantaged are more likely to be criminalized than those who are privileged such as the white and wealthy. This happens because there is an assumption that crime is a social label along with the creation of law which are made by people in positions of power and enforced on people without power (Hopkins Burke 2002). The judicial system criminalizes less dominant and less powerful member of society, thus Becker argues that some rules may be cynically designed to keep the less powerful in their place (Hopkins Burke p.137 2002). Becker (1963) disagreed with the notion that those who break the law will be labelled as a criminal. He brought our attention to the fact that in many cases the innocent are accused, along with this only some of those who break the law are punished and brought through the system (Hopkins Burke 2002). Becker used a concept developed by Merton called the self fulfilling prophecy which is what labelling theory is most widely known for. When a situation is given a false definition it evokes a new behaviour in the person which as a result makes the false assumption comes through (Hopkins Burke p.142 2002). Becker felt that most criminals were in the first place falsely defined as a criminal, not only are their actions defined by society as deviant, the label is then extended to them as a person (Hopkins Burke 2002). Mertons concept of strain refers to pressure the lower economic classes feel when they try to achieve societys goals of monetary success (Flynn 2009). Merton felt that in society, people were focused on achieving high financial success which although exceptionally productive on one hand, on the other was a direct source of stress and strain for the individual (Cohen 1966). In effect there is a distortion between culturally induced aspirations for economic success and structurally distributed possibilities of achievement. This is in accordance with labeling theory view where the people who commit deviant acts are probably under strain from society to achieve monetary success. An example of this would be in relation to higher education, people without the means or cultural knowledge to aspire to respected professions are more likely to engage in deviant behaviour than those with access to achieving their goals (Flynn 2009). Within labelling theory there are two important concepts, those of primary deviance and secondary deviance. Merton thinks that the sense of strain that men feel is an accumulation of frustration, despair and injustice (Cohen 1966). Structural and Individual strain are the two main types of strain in society that promote deviance and crime. The former refers to the cycle of deficient regulation in society that has a negative impact on how an individual evaluates their needs, means and opportunities (Flynn 2009). The latter concept is defined by OConnor (2007) as frictions and pains experienced by the individual as they look for ways to meet their needs. Primary deviance in labeling theory involves acts committed by someone without a criminal identity such as an underage drinker. This act provokes little reaction from others around us, therefore it does not have any impact on the persons self concept (Macionis Plummer 2007). Secondary deviance develops through peoples actions towards the person committing the deviant act they may be pushed away and stigmatized making the crime worse, it is caused by the criminal label (Hopkins Burke 2002). It evolves from primary deviance being labelled, which is more likely to happen if you are from a less powerful group (Macionis Plummer 2007), thus mirrors Mertons argument about distortion between economic success and possibility of achievement (Flynn 2009). Merton noted that there were five possible responses or adaptations to strain that happen when people are not in a position to legally attain internalised social goals (Hopkins Burke p.107 2002). This is a perfect example of how labels are the cause of further deviant behaviour. Durkheim and Merton are one in believing that strain results in deviant behaviour, however Durkheim felt the main causes of strain were changes in society. Adapting through conformity is a self explanatory explanation whereby people both the cultural gaols of society and the means of achieving them (Burke 2002), this ensures the continuality and stability of society (Thio, Calhoun Conyers 2008), people do not break laws when achieving their means. Retreatism is considered the most uncommon adaptation by Merton, they reject social goals and the means to attain them (Hopkins Burke 2002), their behaviour is not normal and are considered true aliens (Thio, Calhoun Conyers p.37 2008). Ritualism is similar to conforming behaviour; they adhere to rules for their own sake with an emphasis on means of achievement rather than outcome goals (Hopkins Burke 2002). Innovation is a response to the pressure placed on the individual for success. The innovator embarks on novel routes to achieve success due to barriers for them to achieve success by socially approved means. They have the potential to be seen as deviant (Hopkins Burke 2002), as they engage in illegal means to achieve success. The final response is rebellion, whereby people not only reject but also want to change the existing social system and its goals (Hopkins Burke 2002). The very word rebellion connotes negative meaning thus showing the existence of labeling and stigma as used by Merton. People are stereotyped as being incapable of following normal behaviour and the general population treats them differently, resulting in discrimination in employment, and in many other areas of social life The internalization of labels by offenders may very well produce a career in criminality because of the negative reactions they receive (Hopkins Burke 2002). However, in contrast as Merton argued Cohen agreed that the root cause of the original emergence of delinquent behaviour was the economic pursuit of money success (Downes Rock 2003). A lot of labels come about through the stigmatization of a particular behaviour. Stigma is powerful negative label that has the potential to radically change a persons self concept (Macionis Plummer 2007), thus it is an influential force in the field of labelling. Slattery (2003) notes that a stigma can either be ascribed or achieved, you can be born with one or earn one. Similar to this is strain theories focus on negative relations between people, focusing on how the individual is not treated as they would like to be treated (Agnew 2002). Labelling theory has several limitations; firstly because labelling is very relative it does not take into account some behaviour like murder which is condemned virtually everywhere. Consequently it is most useful to apply to less serious behaviours like youth vandalism. Secondly, labelling may be seen in two ways- it could encourage more criminal behaviour of it could curb it because of people do not like to have a stigma attached to them. (Macionis Plummer 2007). Finally another limitation of labelling theory is that it does not tell us what are the root causes of primary deviance so how do these people become deviant in the first place? They cannot be labelled deviant if they have not engaged in that type of behaviour. Both labeling and strain theory emphasize the role society has to play in crime. Deviance is shaped in its transactions with events and people around it. Labelling theorists in particular have occupied themselves with the workings of the social reaction to deviance (Downes Rock 2003). Dissimilar to this is Durkheims perspective of deviance as performing functions that are essential to society through, encouraging social change, promoting social unity by responding to deviance, clarifying moral boundaries and affirming cultural norms and values (Macionis Plummer 2007). Sumner (1994) argued that deviance is not applicable to sociology today. He believes that the sociology of deviance died in 1975. Similarly Miller, Wright and Dannels (2001) claim to find empirical support for it and signify the death of deviance in respect to the world today. However, on the other hand Goode (2002) claims that at a certain stage in its history, the sociology of deviance developed a large number of ideas, concepts, and theories that influenced related fields. These ideas included: stigma which influenced disability and transgender studies, anomie in social theory, labelling in ethnic studies and the sociology of the underdog in queer theory. Regardless of the fact that sociology of deviance did not create these concepts, the field did help project them onto the intellectual map. Goode concludes that The social construction of deviance is once again controversial, relevant, central to our lives, and fundamental to our understanding of todays world (Goode 2002). I must agree with this statement as not a day goes by without some type of crime or deviant behaviour brought to our attention. Cohen (1966) believes that rules in everyday life provide a blueprint for every human gesture; consequently every rule then creates potentiality for deviance. However, as mentioned previously- are we really all aware of societal norms and values? I believe that society today has failed to provide a blueprint or clear rules for people to live by, hence leading to the unprecedented rates of crime and social deviance. Strain theory and labelling theory do not pay much attention to psychological factors involved in deviant behaviour, this is a limitation to both I feel. I would question the generalizability of strain theory as it emphasises the focus of materialism for society today. However, much crime is committed by people who simply want to get by in life, to survive. They feel they have no other option but to commit crime to put food on the table. Crime may not necessarily be about reaching the top in society, it may just be about getting by. Labeling theory is a lot more individual in its focus; it is more concerned with peoples reactions when placed in a designated role by society. References Miller, J, M., Wright, A., Dannels, D. (2001) Is Deviance Dead? The Decline of a Sociological Research Specialization. The American Sociologist, Volume 32: 43-59. Sumner, C. (1994). The Sociology of Deviance: An Obituary. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Downes, D. Rock, P. (4th Ed.) (2003). Understanding Deviance. New York: Oxford University Press. Henry, S. (2009). Short Introductions: Social Deviance. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Goode, E (2002). Does the death of the sociology of deviance claim make sense? The American Sociologist. Volume 33: 107-118. Thio, A., Calhoun, T., C., Conyers, A. (5th Ed.) (2008) Readings in Deviant Behaviour. United States of America: Pearson International, Inc. Cohen, A., K. (1966). Deviance and Control. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. OConnor, T. (2007). Strain theories of crime. Megalinks in Criminal Justice. Retrieved March 19, 2010. Available at: http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/crim/crimtheory11.htm Gouldner, A. (1970) The Coming Crisis in Western Sociology. New York: London. Covington, P. (1999) Deviance: Functionalist explanations. The Functionalist Explanation of Crime. Retrieved 22nd March, 2010. Available at: http://www.sociology.org.uk/pcfcri95.pdf. Hopkins Burke, R (2002) An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Canada: Willan Publishing. Tierney, J. (2nd Ed) (2002). Criminology: Theory and context. England: Pearson Education Limited. Macionis J, J. Plummer, K. (4th Ed) (2007) Sociology: Global Introduction. England: Pearson Education limited Walklate, S. (4th Ed) (2007). Understanding Criminology. England: Open University Press. Becker, H. (1963). The Outsiders. New York: Free Press. Slattery, M (2003). Key Ideas in Sociology .United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes Limited Agnew, R (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology. Volume 30, Issue 1, p.47-87 Siegel, L, J., Welsh B., C. (2008) (10th Ed. Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Essay --

In modern society, the advanced technology sets a trap for people, especially for students. Therefore, students go to the trouble of calling and texting over and over again, which dose does much harm to students' physical and mental health. As for study, students spend so much time in calling or texting that they waste a lot of time that should be spent on study. On the other hand, taking cellphone with you all the time is bad for your body health. So, as students, you should not take cellphones at to school. First of allï ¼Å' playing with cellphones really makes students waste a lot of time. Now, many students lower their heads, staring at the screen of cellphone and texting. Usually, if students take cellphones at to school, they are not old enough to control themselves and can not help using phone, even get the habit of living with cellphones. Over time, they will be increasingly dependent on mobile phones. Then, they are calling or texting, all the time but not communicating with their friends classmates or teachers face to face, which has a bad influence on students' study. According to study, Japanese students always get higher grades than other countries. The reason is that Japanese teachers and students spend much time together--the usual year is about 40 days longer than in other countries. (Glenn Zorpette. n.d.) But, now, students spend less and less time in sharing ideas and thoughts with classmates and teachers, which makes their study terrible. What's more, th ere are lots of violent games that attracts students a lot. And they are addicted to games and even imitate characters in games. As a result, they become violent or fierce, which could have a bad effect on students' mental health badly. In t... ... become more and more terrible and your brain can be influenced badly. What’s more, most cellphones have high radiation which must do much harm to your body.(The Harm of Phones’ Radiationï ¼â€° Students usually use cellphones on the bed and do not take then them away before sleeping, just putting it closed to your head. Then, the radiation influences your brain little by little. Maybe when you notice that, there is something terrible happening. Therefore, we should know the disadvantages of taking cellphones, and leave them at home. All in all, as for students, the most important thing is study but not using cellphones. I believe that we students can lead a colorful school life without cellphones. We just spend more time study or other activities to spread our horizon. So, we students should not take cellphones at school but put our heart into meaningful things.

The Ethics in Artificial Intelligence Systems :: Computer Technology

The Ethics in Artificial Intelligence Systems Introduction Not too long in history were computers invented. In fact, computers were first invented within this very century. Today we can see that computers are extremely helpful in our daily lives. The field in technology has improved so much in just the last few decades. We can see this by examining the technological advancements in computers themselves--such as having more capacities, storing more memories, performing more tasks and even in a less amount of time, etc. By observing the inconceivable progressions, one can see that not only will the field in technology will grow but grow exponentially. Thus, the growth in technological innovations will be promising to society. With this in mind, for the past few decades, many people especially scientists, researchers, and inventors have devoted so much time and energy in AI (artificial intelligence). The subject matter of artificial intelligence has brought many anticipation in society. Not only does artificial intelligence has many pr omises such as efficiently solving "numerous technical problems," but also AI would promise for a better understanding in "cognitive processes, particularly, the human mind" 1. Before we go any further, let's take a look at the history behind artificial intelligence. History The concepts of the development of artificial intelligence can be traced "as far back as ancient Greece." 2 Even something as small as the abacus has in somehow led to the idea of artificial intelligence. However, one of the biggest breakthroughs in the area of AI is when computers were invented. So who was this genius that came up with this idea of computers? One would have thought that computers were first â€Å"originated in the United States, but this is not true.† 3 Nonetheless, the United States of America, Britain, and Germany all happened to create the computer during the same era. Germany was actually the first country that developed the computer. And the man that represented Germany is Konrad Zuse. Zuse â€Å"had the world’s first general-purpose programmable computer up and running† by the end of the year 1941. 3 Next came Bletchley Park, who represented Britain; he was a "top secret wartime establishment which was devoted to breaking the We hrmacht's codes." 3 With the help of mathematicians and engineers, Park was able to build "an electronic computer for deciphering coded messages" called the Colossus.

Motivation Theories Essay

Content theories of motivation are based on the fact that the labor activity of workers due solely to the needs and focus on their identification. In turn, procedural theories of motivation are based on the fact that behavior of an individual is determined not only by a person’s needs, but also by the perception of the situation, expectations for the capacity, as well as the effects of the selected type of behavior, according to Motivation. Needs. It should be noted that Abraham Maslow recognized that people have many different needs and they could be divided into five main categories: he theory of justice expectations. According to this theory, the results achieved by the employee depend on three variables: the effort, the ability of a person’s character and awareness of its role in the labor process. The level of effort, in turn, depends on the value of interest and assesses the likelihood of relations efforts and rewarded. Achieving the desired results can lead to internal rewards of the satisfaction of the work performed, and external rewards – financial incentives, praise, career, etc. It is also believed that there may be a link between performance and employee to give him rewards that reflect the possibilities determined by the head of a particular employee and the organization. Value theory by L. Porter – E. Lawler in the practice of motivation is that it shows how important it is to create a motivational system to combine elements such as effort, ability, results, reward, satisfaction and perception. Furthermore L. Porter – E. Lawler showed that the high productivity of work is the cause of complete satisfaction, rather than a consequence of it. An important conclusion of this theory is the need to change the employee’s salary, depending on the success of his work. According to the theory of justice, people have their own assessment of the equity interest issued for certain results. Satisfaction – is the result of internal and external rewards based on their equity. Satisfaction is a measure of how valuable reward actually is. This assessment will affect the person’s perception of future situations. Motivational concepts that are also enough known are related to a group of content theories are the theory of David McClelland, in which he focuses on the needs of the higher levels: power, success and involvement. On this basis, according to McClelland, there is a fourth requirement – to avoid trouble, obstacles or opposition to the implementation of the above three requirements. Motivational and hygienic model of F. Herzberg. It is widely known among scholars and practitioners was another model of motivation, developed F. Hertzberg with employees in the mid 50-ies of XX century and known as the â€Å"two-factor theory of hygiene. † As hygiene factors, he took the following: company policy and administration;  working conditions; earnings; interpersonal relationships with superiors, colleagues and subordinates; degree of direct control over the work. Motivation, according to F. Herzberg, is achievement of objectives, promotion, high level of responsibility and autonomy, creative and business growth, recognition, interesting content work. According to F. Herzberg hygiene factors themselves are not a cause for satisfaction, but their degradation leads to dissatisfaction with work, according to Frederick Herzberg’s motivation and hygiene factors. Therefore, these factors are not motivating for employees’ value. Group motivators directly cause job satisfaction and affect the level of labor achievements. The theory of five nuclear factors by Hackman and Oldham. In the 70-ies of XX century was published a review of Hackman and Oldham the impact of the content of labor to maintain motivation. Developing the doctrine F. Herzberg, in their model, they identified five so-called nuclear factors, which, to them, a significant effect on work motivation. In accordance with the severity of these factors in the ordinary activities of the employee, they lead to the specific experiences that Hackman and Oldham called â€Å"critical mental states. Group theory of valence-instrumentality expectations includes concepts of Heinz Heckhausen, Vroom and a number of similar theories relating to procedural learning motivation towards work behavior. Common to these theories is the proposition that there is a requirement – not only requirement motivation. People consciously choose a course of conduct which, in their view, would lead to the desired results. These theories try to explain what objectives are formed, and why, how persistent they are pursued to achieve the expected results. The theory of Justice S. Adams. The group process of theories of motivation is aimed at organizational problems of production, the substance of the work, and is to be widely used in the western management â€Å"theory of justice†, developed in the 60 years of XX century. Adams, on the results of studies conducted in the company â€Å"General-Electric†. This theory postulates the search for the individual a certain state of equilibrium with its social environment (in particular, in terms of evaluation and pay, rewards for achievement). Individual compares two relationships: the relationship between his own effort and reward; same ratio, seen in monitoring the activities of others and to compare with their own efforts and reward. The theory of motivation of D. Atkinson. One of the theories is a process known as the theory of motivation of D. Atkinson, the essence of which is as follows. Employee behavior is the result of the interaction of the individual qualities of the individual and the situation of its perception. Each person strives for success, avoids failure and has two related motives: the motive for success and motivations to avoid failures. The theory of reinforcement B. Skinner. A significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of human motivation to work made development of B. Skinner, who proposed the theory in 1938, increase motivation (reinforcement theory), the essence of which is as follows: people’s behavior is determined by their past experiences. Consequently, workers prefer a mission that in the past entailed positive results, according to Theories of Motivation. All in all, there are many motivational theories and many authors who have shown their opinion considering the issue. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler, Maslow, Atkinson Heckhausen, and Hackman and Oldham have different point of view but all of them have something in common. The theories of motivation describe the reasons and personal development that a human has and expands its potential, as well as the need for self-actualization that can never be fully satisfied. Works cited Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.

John Steinbeck Essay

Of Mice and Men (to now be referred to as M+M) is full of human suffering for a number of reasons. The foremost is that Steinbeck wants to paint a picture of the real life for men, and women, working in the unstable environment that was 1930s America. His book, although it is fiction, is based upon the reality of ranch life during the Great Depression. As Steinbeck released M+M in 1937, he would have had ample fact to base the novella upon truths. The book centres on the real tragedies of real men and the dream that was fantasised about and yet rarely achieved. By using reality as a base for his novella, Steinbeck allows the reader to empathise with the harshness and fear that is represented by ranch life. Although some parts of the book seem as though the characters have been through unbelievable scenarios, we must remember that to create the feeling of real human suffering, Steinbeck used a microcosm of all ranch workers. This is so we can see the full extent to which ranch life, the Dust Bowl and 1930s America, actually affected the masses. A main aspect of this suffering is the loneliness which all of the characters, bar George and Lennie, experience. In M+M Steinbeck has a small, yet effective, cast of characters, all of whom embody suffering in one way or another. The main characters are George and Lennie and Steinbeck uses them to express the longing for freedom. George is a victim of suffering in many ways. He suffers because he is bound to Lennie and must look after him. Although at points in the book, George expresses regret about having Lennie; he will not let him go for fear of being alone. George would rather look after Lennie than be on his own. â€Å"‘Cause I want you to stay with me. † George experiences the loss of jobs and therefore the loss of money through the Great Depression and also Lennie’s naivety, which often causes trouble for the pair, especially when coupled with Lennie’s strength. Reasons, for which, the pair was forced to run away from jobs in Weed. This, in turn, makes their lives harder as they struggle to stay financially stable and to find a place in which to live in relative comfort. George also suffers the loss of a dream. For a time, George has envisioned a house of his own in which he lives with Lennie. It has become a reassurance for the men, that everything will turn out right and that they should keep hope. It is the opposite of their suffering. â€Å"We’re gonna have a little house†¦ † When George shoots Lennie all of this becomes false. There is no longer a sanctuary for the men because without Lennie the microcosm, their microcosm, of the American Dream cannot, and will not, come to fruition. This is where George experiences the mental anguish and suffering at losing both his best friend and his hopes for the future. Psychologically the suffering overwhelms anything that George has felt before and Steinbeck shows us the fragility of life and the unpredictability of the ranch. For Lennie, the suffering is that of a different kind. Due to his mental disabilities, he isn’t affected by a fear of loneliness as the others are. To him, George will always be there. This does not mean that he feels no suffering throughout the story; in fact he perhaps suffers the most without realising it. Lennie is angry and scared when Crooks suggests that George might not come back. This is where Lennie suffers the most, he is victimised by Crooks and he doesn’t know what to do. Crooks chooses Lennie to attack because he cannot do it to anyone else. In this there is a certain irony, as it is Lennie’s innocence and naivety which lend themselves to Crooks in bullying him. â€Å"S’pose he gets killed or hurt so he can’t come back. † Lennie shares the same ideals as George, especially that of the dream home they could have. In Lennie’s case, he is more preoccupied with tending the rabbits than what the benefits of not working could bring him. â€Å"How I get to tend the rabbits. † Lennie suffers as a child suffers; this is because, mentally, he is a child, despite the fact that he is physically a grown man. We see evidence of this child-like suffering when he blames himself for what has happened to their jobs, when he hallucinates by the brush. â€Å"You do bad things† He suffers from grief when he kills his mouse and his pup by accident and he also suffers at the hands of Curley, although he fights back, he still feels scared and vulnerable, as a child would. George is the one who tells him what he should do. â€Å"Get ‘im Lennie!†¦.. I said get him. † It is easy to assume that George uses Lennie for his own ends but, as we see in the story, this is not true. In fact when it comes to the ultimate suffering, Lennie’s death, George makes it more bearable for Lennie and shoots him with mercy. Steinbeck is trying to show that although ranch life was full of suffering, there were cases where true friendships/relationships might occur. However, Steinbeck also uses Lennie’s death to mean that hardly anything survived life on the ranch, whether it were friendships or people themselves. Slim and Carlson do not have their own cases of suffering, instead they symbolise the average ranch workers’ life. They suffer from low pay, poor quality of life and loneliness. The hardships of the ranches are shown in Carlson especially, as he has no feelings for Candy’s dog or Candy, only that the dog is making his life worse than it already is. â€Å"God awmighty, that dog stinks. † Although Slim suffers from the same difficulties as Carlson; he reacts in a different way. He is calm and considerate, embodying those who were kinder in the harsh life of the ranch.

Integration Into Latest Advances In OSM Anthropology Essay

This study was written as a consequence of the accrued information available on the sweetening of edifice building. I am convinced that there was a demand for a study that covered the rules which were involved in offsite fabrication which could guarantee that all readers had a good apprehension of the importance of the topic for future developments. The purpose of the study was to be able to acquire an apprehension of the topic and to to the full understand the emerging progresss which will happen in offsite- fabrication within the UK. The method is to present the background of offsite fabrication, including and brief analysis of each system, with analysis of the applications of which these methods can be applied to e.g. pupil adjustment and infirmaries. Besides the benefits of the different systems being applied to applications has be analysed, to reason an result of the hereafter advances in offsite fabrication for humanity. Associating the benefits which have been researched to other affairs such as house monetary values being predicted to lift from 2012-2014, where house builders, developers etc are acute to develop and building before the predicated day of the month at a smaller cost and clip graduated table, accomplishing higher quality building. It would accomplish a more fiscal benefit than normal from house monetary values rise, when the house monetary value lifting period has been proven. Included is an probe utilizing instance surveies of developments which have used OSM systems, which has helped to back up the research for the emerging progresss.IntroductionThe ground behind this survey is to reason what we within the UK can anticipate to see for the close hereafter of edifice building and engineering, and emerging progresss in Offsite Manufacturing. As recent house monetary values within the market are being predicted to hold a rise from 2012, with demand, activity and monetary values, the activity during 2012-2014 should be likely to a rise, promoting increased engagement by house builders, developers, loaners and investors.The construct of OSMOffsite industry or building refers to constructing constructions being built non at the location of usage but at a different location, which occurs in a specifically designed fabrication warehouse or works. This kind of procedure industries parts or faculties of the edifice which is at foremost constructed in the mill so transported on specially designed dawdlers to the site. Once on site, the edifice is installed on lasting concrete foun dations, which are already positioned before bringing of prefabricated parts. These edifices meet all applicable edifice ordinances and are identical from onsite buildingTechniquesVolumetricThe volumetric technique uses units which are three dimensional faculties that are prefabricated in a mill environment, with the taking market being of either a closed faculty design bathroom cods or units suited for pupil adjustment etc of a one sleeping room layout being used continuously. There are besides unfastened sided faculty units which are besides used that allow deeper program edifices to be constructed, but offer less chances for developing upon proficient inside informations. The benefit achieved from utilizing a volumetric attack is being able to do extremely serviced countries within mill conditions. More than 30 trade activities are transferred off-site, taking to fewer people on site, easier commissioning and less rework. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) . The cost of the undertaking normally depends on volume and complexness, but besides for specializer applications which can be of a limited production figure the costs can be exceeded. Whereas, if the production where to be of larger volumes of insistent plants, so the cost of the undertaking can be reduced somewhat. Resulting in the more you want of the same thing, the cheaper it can be.PanellisedThe Panellised technique consists of level panel walls, floors and roofs which are prefabricated off site and assembled on site. There are different stuffs used within the scope of different systems which are used, dwelling of lumber frames and light steel frames which are unfastened without insularity being fitted, besides mill finished units which have insularity, Windowss, doors and services installed are used. The chief market for panellised systems is residential building, where in England and Wales, lumber frame has a 5 % portion, much lower than in Scotland and other European states. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) With the grounds that residential building in England and Wales has a low portion of lumber frame use, and with England covering the bulk of the UK, its demonstrates that the bulk of the UK does n't utilize adequate panellised systems. Timber panels typically add a capital cost premium of up to 5 % that can be recouped via nest eggs from reduced defects and rework in a well-managed site. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) So with this in head the more expensive it may look to fix and raise the panellised system, there salvaging will be noticeable somewhat before and after the completion of the edifice. There being many advantages of utilizing panellised systems, such as the velocity, weather impact, and flexibleness of size, and with the integrating of latest package ‘s and fabricating machinery within the mill used today, it allows a drape sum of customisation to be achieved, which allows the demands of clients to be more flexible instead than being limited.HybridThe Hybrid techniques use parts from both other systems, utilizing different advantages such as utilizing the faculty technique for the serviced countries which come from a high quality fitment and others from panellised which allow that attack of flexibleness for other countries which are needed. The full intercrossed solution is comparatively rare ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) and this can be expected as these individual technique along are financially expensive to get down up, and to fall in the both systems into one more complex and larger service, it is able to see that a larger mill working infinite would be required for the prefabrication phases.Introduction to the Latest Advances of OSM and the application to lodging in the UKAs we have witnessed from analyzing architectural engineering, that there has been late the increased focal point of greener design schemes in edifice, people of today are now going more active with the taking portion of assisting the environment for a greener one. With many issues of sustainability being a chief focal point, people are protecting the natural resources we have staying to better our environments. Following from this is the progresss in the usage of OSM and the usage of implementing sustainable characteristic which are added within the mill, under better feasible conditions with respects to endure and waste. The rhythm of invention in alternate systems utilizing renewable and reclaimable stuffs and energy are everyplace. ( Kaufmann & A ; Remick, 2009 ) The focal point on utilizing sustainable schemes within the edifice industry, has led to an progress of the stuffs we use, take for illustration the Apple iphone being one of the taking nomadic phones of today. it no longer uses the ethical attack of a bigger phone is a better one, its changed that attack with the germinating humanity, doing a nomadic phone that you can make more with, which is better. It is now portion of a broader cultural conversation about how to make more with less. ( Kaufmann & A ; Remick, 2009 ) Compared with the edifice industry, now the methods of building we choose to take has changed besides, taking away jobs which may happen onsite such as waste, less labour hours and sustainable characteristics, leting many nest eggs within different facets. There is a high demand at the minute from markets which are successful such as hotels and pupil adjustment which are demanding work at about maximal capacity for the volumetric attack, compared to the growing of the panellised technique which has non had such an addition in demand. †¦ a 25 % modern methods quota for places funded under the Housing Corporation ‘s Approved Development Programme, demand for panelled systems is likely to increase as it is the simplest option for Housing Associations to implement. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) With this is mind the capacity of the panellised technique should increase due to the increased demand made by the Housing Corporation ‘s Approved Development Programme. Sing the flexibleness of the panellised technique, it is used more frequently for the application to lodging for customisation of design, instead than being insistent like the volumetric attack.Current usage of OSMWith most places in the UK being still constructed utilizing traditional methods of building, there has been an addition in OSM for lodging. The â€Å" Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology † study that approximately 10 % of new UK places are built utilizing lumber frames, and 5 % utilizing other MMC ; tantamount to about 25,000 MMC places per twelvemonth ( Parliamental Office of Science and Technology, December 2003 ) . There is more timber frame used within Scotland compared to the remainder of the UK as this technique is easier to come across in that state as its preferred more.Tech niques emerging for OSM and there relation to lodgingWith environmental issues still refering the people of today, and developers get downing to acknowledge that it would be good to utilize sustainable methods of prefabricated architecture, benefits such as shorter clip graduated tables, better predictable costs, lower hazard issues, and authorities inducements, leads to sustainable pattern and merchandises to increase and to be used for our environments. Current lodging seen from history shows the effects of which they have on the environment and of the land they use. Sustainable design is the attack needed to make healthier environments which needs to be implementing within prefabrication for farther nest eggs. With there being emerging techniques for OSM germinating with clip, there can be unsmooth anticipations of what engineering are at manus for usage in the close hereafter. At the minute there are many techniques being introduced but merely such are really being used, these systems and techniques are listed and discussed below:SIPS ( structural insulated panel systems )A recent techniques used involves structural insulated panel systems ( SIPS ) , where insularity nucleus is bonded to sheet board to organize a panel, making a composite edifice stuff. They consist of a sandwich of two beds of structural get oning with an insulating bed of foam board in between. SIPS involve similar structural belongingss as the I beam.Eco hubsAn eco hub is a new technique of multi lodging, where they are used to power a community instead than being on a individual house, which would bring forth a better environment. Alternatively of repairing a figure of solar panels or air current turbines, which would depend on the orientation of the house, they may non be fitted to the best consequence possible. if the house was built at a better thought orientation with the other hou ses of the new physique community, the environmental engineerings could be allocated within a shared community infinite.Steel placesSteel places are besides alleged to be good for allergy sick persons, using none of the rosins, adhesives and chemicals used in other building techniques. ( kit places: eco friendly, 2008 ) . Not necessary a new technique, but it utilizes the old success of utilizing steel to make stronger constructions such as high rise edifices. Steel is different to wood and other stuffs, as it can last for a considerable sum of clip longer. Steel frame kit places will remain in the exact same form as the twenty-four hours it was built ( Benefits of utilizing steel frame kit places, 2009 ) compared to timber framed construction which over clip, turn, crook and move from enduring and land motion. There is besides the involvement in utilizing steel framed systems as it has a certain sum of fire opposition more than other stuffs and it prevents the infestation of beetli ng infection, which consequences in the long tally salvaging which can be achieved.Low C accomplishmentsAs makers are now get downing to utilize OSM, and the enforcement of the Code for Sustainable Homes has been introduced, the makers are uniting the two issues of prefabrication with sustainable characteristic. Let entirely that manufacturing offsite achieves sustainable facets for lower waste produced, lower perturbation and transit, it ‘s a concern to implement further sustainable characteristics of recycled stuffs and sustainable engineerings such as solar panels and photovoltaic panels.Comparison of Prefab and On-site for lodgingA comparing of prefabrication and onsite building has been introduced as it can assist to reason the advantages and disadvantages for lodging developments and developers. Procedure programs which have been prepared by the Salford Centre for Research and invention ( Table 1 ) shows the difference in alteration for different building techniques, with comparing to the clip for activities, when workers are needed to get on site, and other resources such as clip acquired for the usage of staging. Table 1: Comparison of different building methods that have different demandsBrick and BlockOpen panel/Advanced panel/ intercrossedVolumetricBrick layers on-site Arrival of first following trades Scaffolding in usage 44 yearss 16 hebdomads after groundbreak 11 hebdomads 20 yearss 7 hebdomads after groundbreak 8 hebdomads 20 yearss Not used 6 hebdomadsBeginning: Procedure programs prepared for the National Audit Office by the Salford Centre for Research and Innovation The tabular array above from the procedure programs are of a illustration developments of 22 homes, where bricklayers would be required to build a brick and block structured home. It clearly shows that the bricklayers clip on-site is more than half less when utilizing the prefabricated attack compared to a traditional building, and leting the reaching of the first following trades to get down more than half lupus erythematosus of clip with Panellised systems, but differing with volumetric systems as the there is no demand for following trade to be used after hard-on as the units are fitted out within the workshop with all or at least most coatings already applied. The tabular array besides demonstrates than the clip of the needed usage of staging is cut down about by 3 hebdomad with panellised systems and 5 hebdomads for volumetric which consequences in lower costs for the hire of scaffolding equipment unless the makers of the prefabrication have their ain supply of scaffolding if they provided the service of raising the construction with the cost of purchase. The tabular array above shows costs which have been calculated for a scope of providers of each different technique within the industry. The cost norm has been converted to a scope of upper terminal and lower terminal quality and costs merely cover the building type of a home. It clearly shows that for the traditional building method of onsite plants utilizing brick and block techniques and unfastened panel technique, they hold the lowest building cost of ?600-1000 per M2. As for the loanblend system, its building cost is from $ 700-1100 per M2. Following so at the highest terminal of the cost graduated table is the volumetric technique which ranges from ?780-1300 per M2. These consequences show that the traditional brick and block, and unfastened panel systems are the most cost effectual. As can be seen there is a just sum of convergence of costs for the different methods, and the volumetric technique is the most expensive with respects to building costs, but the consideration towar ds the clip nest eggs and labour salvaging etc must be taken into history as this will ensue in money nest eggs. If in the nearby hereafter there is possible for decrease in the monetary value of manufactured stuffs and constituents, this could cut down of convergence of different costs. Taking into consideration than faster building and reduced onsite work can accomplish some fiscal benefits to the undertaking Beginning: Cost computations prepared by the National Audit office utilizing information provided by the Building Cost Information Service and procedure programs developed by the Salford Centre for Research and Innovation The tabular array above shows where nest eggs are found in relation to floor country, showing that fiscal benefits can be achieved compared to a brick and block building, from utilizing intercrossed and volumetric systems, demoing significant nest eggs with relation to the old tabular array ( Table 2 ) . The National Audit Office study four advantages that provide fiscal benefits to Landlords if they were to utilize an OSM attack, such as earlier rent can be obtained from the day of the month of release, Social Housing Grants can be drawn at a earlier phase, cut downing involvement payments on capital to fund developments, snagging costs are reduced because off-site building elements are capable to the tighter quality control made possible in mill conditions and the demand for on-site review decreases as the sum of off-site work additions. ( National Audit Office, November 2005 ) . With these four advantages of fiscal benefits from faster building and cut down onsite work, it allows developers to go a portion of a new age for OSM. Beginning: Cost computations prepared by the National Audit office by the Building Cost Information Service utilizing procedure programs developed by the Salford Centre for Research and Innovation The tabular array above shows an addition in the proportion of costs that are incurred offsite, where there has been research undertaken to see where most costs occur and the differences, and it clearly shows a monolithic decrease in the clip spent for on-site stuffs and on-site labor for the volumetric technique compared with the brick and block, with the unfastened panel and intercrossed systems sitting in between to two for a balance of both universes. Resulting with if volumetric attacks lowered there cost of offsite fabrication it would increase the demand and fight.Advantages & A ; Disadvantages of prefabricationAdvantagesSelf back uping constituents are used, so the demand for formwork and staging are lowered.The sum of clip for building is reduced and constructions are finished faster, leting an earlier return on the capital invested in the undertaking.Onsite building work and any possible congestion is minimised.The quality of the completed built tends to be of a better qual ity as the status are less effected by enduring.Less waste is produced as they are manufactured in mill conditions, doing it easier to recycle the waste back into another usage.Templates can be used to retroflex insistent physiquesDisadvantagesIt is required that careful handling of constituents like glass and concrete panels is undertakenAttention to detail demands to be taken into consideration sing the that the construction would be less likely to neglect at articulationsAssociating to the old, where leaks can organize at the articulations if attending to item is non takenTransportation system for the volumetric technique can be somewhat more compared to panellised systems which can be packed more expeditiously for less journeys.Large subdivisions can sometimes necessitate the hire of big Crane and preciseness plants to put into the allocated placeMain drivers for utilizing OSM in lodgingA consideration towards the chief drivers for utilizing OSM in lodging relating to Modern Met hods of Construction has been research, as these facets affect the rate of which developers are utilizing OSM within lodging. The chief drivers for utilizing OSM in lodging are summarised and discussed below:Housing deficitSkills deficitsQualityWasteHousing deficitWith there being a deficit in the lodging market in the yesteryear, its allowed authoritiess and some sectors of a building industry to reconsider traditional patterns. As it is difficult for individual people to low-cost lodging, they by and large lead to flats as they are cheaper, which consequences in the authorities and sectors to be interested in how they are built compared to traditional methods as these are going more popular. An of import issue about flats is that they affect builders ‘ hard currency flow in a manner that houses do non. With houses, each one can be sold and occupied before others are built. With flats, the whole block will normally necessitate to be completed before it is safe to let residents to travel in. ( IHS BRE Press, 2007 ) This shows that hard currency flow can be a job as possible purchasers do n't desire to pay the full monetary value up front, ensuing in the demand for quicker methods for raising flats, such as modern methods of building, which has that advantage of being a faster physique. Besides the possible purchasers are by and large non that concerned about how the flats were constructed every bit long as the construction performs to a satisfactory criterion.Skills deficitsSkills being trained within the industry is falling behind compared to skilled workers go forthing the industry. The deficit in secret agents has been at least partially compensated for by inward migration and this is peculiarly true for the semi-skilled and laboring classs ( IHS BRE Press, 2007 ) . Resulting in many trades being transferred offsite for uninterrupted.QualityThe National Consumer Satisfaction Survey reported in 2003 that the satisfaction degree among buyers of new places was about 40 % . ( National Audit Offi ce, November 2005 ) . At the minute lodging is overmastering with traditional building techniques which consequences into necessitating to look into other emerging techniques. Where a house can be built with a hapless quality, it can be of a hapless design or it can neglect to conform to that design or both. As edifice companies sometimes fail to conform to the design due to bad conditions conditions that consequence the entire plan. When developers use the OSM attack, they can anticipate to be able to conform easier as the site conditions are controlled indoors, besides taking into consideration the mill machine which is used ensures high criterion of quality to conform.WasteThe sum of waste that can be produced with onsite building, seen to be wasted money, acts as a driver for utilizing modern methods of building to understate the waste, as it ‘s within a controlled environment, sing money nest eggs. Costss which the developer brushs are likely to take down over a class of clip as they will be more knowing of the system for OSM, and let them to develop better efficient schemes for onsite plants.Main barriers for utilizing OSM in lodgingThe chief barriers for utilizing OSM in lodging are summarised and discussed below:Lack of experienceland in the house edifice procedureOn site accomplishmentsLightweight building overheating jobSite restraintsLack of experienceWith a alteration in the building methods it ‘s more hard to happen house builders with good expertness in this country or at least a house builder that can pick up the method rather easy. This can merely be overcome by the usage of preparation installations to educate the trade heightening their assurance.The importance of landThe importance of land has an consequence that shows why the new physique industry for OSM is slow, but it can be likely to alter as developers are required to conform with the Code for Sustainable Homes and consequences in building onsite being somewhat disputing co mpared to earlier.On-site accomplishmentsMany makers work hard to develop hard-on crews and to do certain that they are good trained and this will necessitate to go on and spread out to run into builders ‘ concerns ( IHS BRE Press, 2007 ) . As makers can anticipate to use their ain in-house builders to build to the specifications of the design from that company, this may ensue in onsite trades being minimized, as the makers will desire to supply a better design and build service, to see in positive credibleness of merchandise and service.Lightweight buildingLightweight building methods such as Timber frame, SIPS and steel frame can hold an consequence as clime alterations and summer conditions gets hotter, the constructions may be probably to overheating. The overheating may be resolved by shadowing and airing, it can besides be resolved if the residents of the house required suites to chill quicker, where a construction of a low thermic mass would be acceptable.Site restraint sThere can be restraints which can happen when bringing of the prefabricated parts takes topographic point as the size of the site may be limited. It can merely be given to be that the sites themselves have entree restrictions. OSM techniques used within a forced site can hold its benefits of quicker hard-on which may be needed within a metropolis Centre to do fewer perturbations.Case StudiesRecycled and refurbished modular edifice – baby's room, London docklandsBackground InformationThere was a demand for a new designed baby's room edifice for the University of East London ‘s Docklands campus which was constructed from refurbished edifice faculties. They required a more sustainable attack to building, a edifice of a higher quality building which met the client ‘s budgets and a composure and welcoming environment for kids of a immature age. It has demonstrated that there is a possible for this attack of a more environmentally friendly building procedure. The clien t may hold used this attack of building as some kind of nest eggs in cost, or to move environmentally towards the community as the baby's room may be a authorities funded undertaking. The baby's room shows the usage of untreated cladding which achieves a lower impact on the environment, and the construction to the full complies with edifice ordinances.The benefits achieved are:it is a edifice that is robust, significant and pleasant to the oculusCompletion on clip graduated table and on limited fundssThe creative activity of a extremely sustainable option for a new physique and a manner of take downing the edifice ‘s C footmarkThe Centre has met demands without any changes needed to the design, and provides an attractive installation, which has been good appreciated by staff, kids and parents.Modular house – PrefabricatedBackground InformationThere was a demand for a construction to be built as a modern detached brick house that is wholly prefabricated offsite, it respo nds to the rules to innovative technique and being witting to environmental issues. The construction is a standard three sleeping room household house, with the demand to cut down site holds. The modular system uses heavy steel frames and solid concrete floors. The house is moved to its lasting location in four units that are installed on to land plants in a individual twenty-four hours, leting a to the full working brooding to be assembled in less than 24 hours. Site work is confined to the laying of foundations and the connecting of faculties and landscape gardening.The Benefits achieved are:Increased predictability in costs and clipDecrease in clip needed for installingHigh thermal valuesWall highs of up to 12m achievedModular house Extension – PrefabricatedBackground InformationThere was a demand for a new extension to be added to a modern ‘Art Deco ‘ place in Cheshire, which retained the period feel of the belongings. The chief drivers and restraints of the undertaking where to understate the overall clip taken in the undertaking, with restraints from transporting the merchandises to the site. A steel building method was used with a rendered exterior coating for the prefabricated extension. It was a curving roof extension, which contained a sleeping room with en-suite installations, besides incorporating a coiling stairway. Large glass doors used to open out onto the timber deck of the bing roof. Due to the size of the needed construction the faculty was divided into two subdivisions after being fabricated within the mill to see easier transitThe Benefits achieved are:The prefabrication took six hebdomads, with all fixtures and suiting built ready into the unitsThe clip taken to unload and put in the faculties took one twenty-four hours, which allowed the clients to utilize the extension within later of the same twenty-four hours. Connection and interface points took an excess hebdomad to be appliedResults & A ; DiscussionThere are 3 chief techniques which have been investigated such as volumetric, panellised and intercrossed systems, with the benefits following being list ed: Volumetric techniques utilizing repetitiousness allow fiscal nest eggs for the developer, whereas Panellised systems chief market is residential building with a low portion of lumber frame use in England and Wales which means the bulk of the UK does n't use plenty of this technique. Besides that the Hybrid technique is rarer to be used which uses the volumetric and panellised techniques combined. The probe found that the current usage of OSM reported in 2003 shows that 10 % of new UK places use timber frames and 5 % usage other modern methods of building bring forthing about 25,000 MMC places per twelvemonth.EMERGING TECHNIQUES FOR OSMThe consequences found show the latest emerging techniques to be used within the edifice industry, which is listed below:Structurally insulated panel systems ( SIPS )EcohubsSteel placesFlat battalion house or kit placesRecycled edifice facultiesCOMPARISON RESULTS OF PREFAB AND ON-SITE CONSTRUCTIONFrom the comparing consequences of a prefabricated construction and a tradition construction that uses onsite methods more, it can be seen that the bricklayer ‘s clip needed on site is reduced and reaching of first following trades commences before with prefabrication, besides observing that the clip for Scaffolding use is minimized. Prefabrication or OSM can be given to be more expensive than traditional build building, but does integrate fiscal benefits compared to onsite traditional methods. Fiscal benefits that can be achieved compared to onsite are:Earlier rentShorter adoption periodLess snaggingLess onsite reviewThe probe found that benefits can besides be achieved from faster building and decreased onsite building, brings fiscal benefits to developers. Besides modern methods of building tend to be more expensive compared to that of onsite traditional physique.Summary and ConclusionThe aims of the survey have been researched and concluded to accomplish an apprehension of the emerging progresss.Objective 1: An probe of OSMThe research has revealed that there are three chief techniques used being volumetric, panellised and intercrossed, which panellised system being of the most cost effectual solution for lodging, but differs with the usage of volumetric as they could be used in a insistent mode for flats for illustration brings fiscal benefits.Objective 2: an probe of the latest progresss for OSMThis research has revealed that the emerging techniques are fighting to be used today within the edifice industry, with SIPS being the most advanced of the bulk of techniques progressing, as this system is the easiest to be applied to lodging applications of today. With the debut to â€Å" Ecohubs † , its can be expected to see this proficient attack to be implemented more by developer as multi lodging is at an about changeless building rate, which would profit from utilizing aA centralised country within the multi lodging to tie in these engineerings. Flat battalion lodging on the other manus is driven down as it requires external skilled workers to put in the kit, and as these technique are new to the industry, the accomplishment that understand these techniques are reasonably limited.Objective 3: an probe of OSM applied to lodging in the UKThe research has revealed that panellised systems are of the most common for the usage of OSM for bing edifices are they are more flexible with the application. The volumetric technique is besides used for bin g edifices but largely for specific sized extensions. These extensions of the volumetric attack can be seen to be debatable with the fitment of the unit to an bing wall face of a different construction type, as these techniques may non be easy compatible as they can be different, making jobs for articulations of air permeableness and leaks.Objective 4: an Investigation into the drivers and barriers of utilizing OSM for lodging.The research has revealed that there can be possible benefits that can be achieved, but besides that barriers can happen at a similar rate, so depending on the type of OSM method to be used, there costs for fiscal benefit can differ. For modern methods of building to go more popular within the edifice industry, developers and makers need to analyze there schemes to be able to get the better of any possible barrier which may forestall any farther development.Bibliography & A ; ReferencingBenefits of utilizing steel frame kit places. ( 2009 ) . Retrieved Febuary 16, 2010, from Kit Homes state broad pty ltd: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kithomes.net.au/benefits.htm IHS BRE Press. ( 2007 ) .Modern Methods of Construction ( MMC ) in lodging. Kaufmann, M. , & A ; Remick, C. ( 2009 ) .Prefab Green.Gibbs Smith. kit places: eco friendly. ( 2008, 10 07 ) . Retrieved January 5, 2010, from channel 4: 4homes: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.channel4.com/4homes/diy-self-build/kit-houses/kit-homes-eco-friendly-08-07-10_p_1.html Langdon, D. , & A ; Everest. ( 2004 issue 42 ) .Cost Model: Off-site Industry. Retrieved from Building: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.building.co.uk/hybrid.asp? navcode=3531 National Audit Office. ( November 2005 ) .Using modern methods of building to construct places more rapidly and expeditiously. Parliamental Office of Science and Technology. ( December 2003 ) .Modern Methods of house edifice.